Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Jump to main content. Periodic Table. Glossary Allotropes Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes.
Discovery date Discovered by William Gregor Origin of the name The name is derived from the Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology. Glossary Group A vertical column in the periodic table. Fact box. Glossary Image explanation Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements.
Appearance The description of the element in its natural form. Biological role The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Natural abundance Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Uses and properties. Image explanation. The symbol is representative of the Titans of Greek mythology, after which the element is named.
It is based on early votive offering figurines. Titanium is as strong as steel but much less dense. It is therefore important as an alloying agent with many metals including aluminium, molybdenum and iron. These alloys are mainly used in aircraft, spacecraft and missiles because of their low density and ability to withstand extremes of temperature.
They are also used in golf clubs, laptops, bicycles and crutches. Power plant condensers use titanium pipes because of their resistance to corrosion. Because titanium has excellent resistance to corrosion in seawater, it is used in desalination plants and to protect the hulls of ships, submarines and other structures exposed to seawater.
Titanium metal connects well with bone, so it has found surgical applications such as in joint replacements especially hip joints and tooth implants. The largest use of titanium is in the form of titanium IV oxide. It is a bright white pigment with excellent covering power. It is also a good reflector of infrared radiation and so is used in solar observatories where heat causes poor visibility.
Titanium IV oxide is used in sunscreens because it prevents UV light from reaching the skin. Nanoparticles of titanium IV oxide appear invisible when applied to the skin. Biological role. Titanium has no known biological role.
It is non-toxic. Fine titanium dioxide dust is a suspected carcinogen. Natural abundance. Titanium is the ninth most abundant element on Earth. It is almost always present in igneous rocks and the sediments derived from them. It occurs in the minerals ilmenite, rutile and sphene and is present in titanates and many iron ores. Titanium is produced commercially by reducing titanium IV chloride with magnesium. Help text not available for this section currently.
Elements and Periodic Table History. The first titanium mineral, a black sand called menachanite, was discovered in in Cornwall by the Reverend William Gregor. He analysed it and deduced it was made up of the oxides of iron and an unknown metal, and reported it as such to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. This is a form of rutile TiO 2 and Klaproth realised it was the oxide of a previously unknown element which he named titanium.
It was not until that M. Hunter, working for General Electric in the USA, made pure titanium metal by heating titanium tetrachloride and sodium metal. Atomic data.
Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey.
Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk. Relative supply risk 4. Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate.
Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Titanium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry. This week, you may be surprised to learn just how reliant you are on this widely used element that cleans and protects our environment. It is notoriously hard to make, but we have come to rely on it and indeed we couldn't do without this element or its compounds today.
So, why is it so important? We actually use 4 million tons of TiO2 each year, a lot of it for paint and other applications that need something that is bright white, insoluble and not toxic, like medicines and toothpaste. In the food industry it is additive number E, used to whiten things like confectionary, cheeses, icings and toppings. It is also used in sunscreens, since it is a very opaque white and also very good at absorbing UV light.
The ability to absorb UV light helps the TiO2 to act as a photocatalyst. This means that when UV light falls upon it, it generates free electrons that react with molecules on the surface, forming very reactive organic free radicals.
Now you don't want these radicals on your skin, so the TiO2 used in sunscreens is coated with a protective layer of silica or alumina. In other situations, these radicals can be a good thing, as they can kill bacteria.
Scientists have found that if you introduce small amounts of different elements like nitrogen or silver into the TiO2, UV light is not needed as visible light will do the same job. You can put very thin coatings of TiO2 onto glass or other substances like tiles ; these are being tested in hospitals, as a way of reducing infections. When water gets onto this type of glass, it spreads out, so that it doesn't fog up think car wing mirrors and also washes away dirt.
This is the basis of Pilkington's ActivT self-cleaning glass, a great British invention. Scientists are now investigating building TiO2 into the surfaces of buildings, pavements and roads, with the aim of getting rid of chewing gum and even dog mess.
They are also testing road surfaces with a layer of TiO2 in it, as they think it could remove air pollutants from car exhausts. The first titanium compound was identified by a Cornish vicar named William Gregor in , when he extracted the impure oxide. He dissolved it in acid and got a colourless solution, but found that it could be reduced by zinc to make a purple solution.
He was a transition metal chemist ahead of his time. Lots of chemists tried - for over a hundred years - to get the pure metal. This electronic configuration explains the chemical bonds of the element and some other properties. Titanium constitutes 0. Ilmenite minerals are compounds of iron, titanium, and oxygen called iron titanium oxide with the symbol FeTiO3. The remaining amount of titanium is found in the form of anatase, perovskite, rutile, leucoxene, sphene, and other minerals.
These minerals are found in the form of compounds in sand, rocks, soils, and clays. It can also be found elsewhere in nature: in plants, natural waters, animals, stars, and meteorites. Titanium metal is known to have five stable isotopes. These include titanium, titanium, titanium, titanium, and titanium The most abundant isotope of titanium metal is titanium with Today, 21 radioisotopes of titanium metal are known; the most stable are titanium, titanium, titanium, and titanium All four stable radioisotopes have a different half-life.
The half-life of titanium is 63 years, titanium has a half-life of Titanium metal is considered to have superior physical properties. It is considered to be an element that is physiologically inert.
It has a high strength-to-weight ratio, which makes it an ideal candidate in an application where lightweight yet strong materials are essential, for example, joint replacement and dental implants. It is a very strong metal that has a low density of 4. High melting and boiling points make titanium a very useful metal in terms of refractory properties. It is also a ductile metal, especially when in an oxygen-free environment.
Its lustrous grey-whitish appearance also makes it useful for coating metal or for displaying. Additionally, titanium dioxide in pure form is practically clear, with a high refractive index, which creates high optical dispersion—higher than that of a diamond. Titanium has a fairly low thermal and electrical conductivity when compared to other metals although it exhibits superconducting properties when it is cooled below 0.
When titanium in its elemental form is bombarded with deuterons it can become highly radioactive. Pure titanium is almost It is even resistant to strong liquids such as sulfuric acid, moist chlorine gas, chloride solutions, hydrochloric acid, and most organic acids.
However, it can burn in the air and stands out as the only element that would burn in the presence of nitrogen gas. Titanium is considered to be a strong metal with an ultimate tensile strength of MPa that makes 63, psi which is roughly equal to the strength of a low-grade steel alloy. When titanium is mixed with other metals, the alloys can reach a tensile strength of more than 1, MPa, which makes , psi. The chemical behavior of titanium metal shows significant similarities with that of zirconium and silica.
Titanium, zirconium, and silica all belong to the first transition group in the periodic table. Titanium resides in group 4 IVB of the periodic table, which means it is in the middle. The arrangement of elements in the periodic chart shows how the elements are related to one another chemically. As it is in the middle of the table, we know titanium exhibits properties between those of metals and non-metals.
For example, just like magnesium and aluminum, titanium metal and its alloys immediately oxidize whenever exposed to the air. Each reaction produces titanium dioxide. Titanium behaves as an inert element in the presence of oxygen and water, which means it does not react with oxygen and water at ambient temperature conditions.
The reason for such behavior is titanium tends to create a passive oxide coating, which behaves as a protector for the material to oxidize further. This protective layer can be as thin as 1 — 2 nm and as thick as 25 nm. It depends upon the period of time the bulk metal is exposed to oxygen. It takes almost four years to create a 25nm thick layer. This protective layer enables titanium to become an excellent corrosion-resistant element—almost as effective as platinum.
This property makes it resistant to even strong liquids such as sulfuric acid, moist chlorine gas, chloride solutions, hydrochloric acid, and most organic acids. However, it can be corroded when exposed to concentrated acids.
Thermodynamically, titanium is a very reactive metal due to its negative redox potential, and it burns in the atmosphere at a temperature lower than its melting point. The melting of titanium can only occur in a chemically inert atmosphere such as a vacuum.
Titanium's thermodynamic properties do not allow it to melt in normal conditions, because it becomes more reactive at elevated temperatures and can catch fire if the oxygen molecules are present in its environment. However, as mentioned before, titanium is quite unreactive in general. Titanium is a transition metal that also exhibits similarities in its chemical behavior, especially in lower oxidation states, to that of chrome and vanadium. Titanium oxide ore reduces with water vapors and forms dioxides and hydrogen.
It reacts in the same manner with hot concentrated acids—with a minor difference. When reacting to hot concentrated acids, it creates chlorhydric acid and trichlorides. Naturally, titanium complexes have an octahedral coordination geometry, but one notable exception here is TiCl4. This compound is called titanium tetrachloride, and it has a tetrahedral geometry. This geometry is due to the high oxidation state of the titanium tetrachloride, which results in a higher degree of covalent bond.
In the transition metal only, titanium is known to form aqua Ti IV complexes: water ligand titanium ion complexes. The term titanates indicates the titanium IV compounds: the titanium tetra element compounds, such as TiCl4, the titanium tetrachloride, and BaTiO3, barium titanate. These compounds are known for their piezoelectric properties and serve well in the interconversion of sound and electricity as transducers.
The mineral in which titanium is found in the most abundance, ilmenite, is also a titanate. Ilmenite is a FeTiO3 compound. Stars, rubies, and sapphires also have titanium dioxide TiO2 properties of asterism. This is the reason they have star-forming shine. The most important oxide of all titanium oxides is TiO2; titanium dioxide occurs in three different polymorphous states: rutile, anatase, and brookite.
All three polymorphous states are white di-magnetic solids. There are numerous titanium suboxides known today. The reduced stoichiometries of titanium dioxide are attained by the spraying of atmospheric plasma. The titanium III, IV oxide, Ti3O5 is a purple-colored semiconductor that is obtained from the reduction process of Titanium dioxide TiO2 in the presence of hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures.
The titanium III, IV oxide is an ideal compound to vapor-coat surfaces with titanium oxide for corrosion resistance and aesthetic purposes. The alkoxides of titanium are obtained by reacting titanium tetrachloride with alcohols. These are ideally used for depositing solid titanium dioxides with the help of the sol-gel process in industries.
Additionally, titanium iso-prop-oxide is used in the preparation of chiral organic compounds with the help of the Sharpless epoxidation process. Titanium also has a variety of sulfite compounds.
However, titanium disulfide is the only titanium sulfide regularly used. It has a layered structure and serves as a cathode in the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries. Titanium nitrides and carbides are members of the refractory transition family. The nitrides of titanium have properties of both covalent compounds.
They exhibit extreme hardness, high melting and boiling points, thermodynamic stability, and high thermal and electrical conductivity. Titanium nitride, TiN, has a hardness of 9. According to the U. Geological Survey , 95 percent of titanium mined is turned into titanium dioxide pigments, with the remaining 5 percent going into manufacturing chemicals, metal, carbides and coatings. Titanium dioxide is also commonly used in medicine, cosmetics and toothpaste, and is increasingly being used as a food additive as E to whiten products or make them look more opaque.
Some of the more common food products with added E include frosting, chewing gum, marshmallows and supplements. There are no restrictions on the use of titanium dioxide in food products. However, a new study on mice, published in the journal Gut , shows that titanium dioxide particles may be very damaging to the intestines of those with certain inflammatory bowel diseases.
Researchers at the University of Zurich in Switzerland found that when intestinal cells absorb titanium dioxide particles, the intestinal mucosa of mice that had colitis became inflamed and damaged, according to the study news release. These conditions are characterized by an extreme autoimmune reaction to intestinal flora.
Several factors play a role in the development of the disease, including genetics and environmental triggers such as lifestyle and nutrition.
Now the Swiss researchers have found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles, commonly found in toothpaste and many food products, can exacerbate this inflammatory reaction to an even greater degree. In addition, higher concentrations of titanium dioxide particles can be found in the blood of patients with ulcerative colitis. This means that these particles can be absorbed from food under certain disease conditions, explain the researchers in the news release.
Though the findings have not been confirmed in humans yet, the researchers suggest that patients with colitis should avoid ingesting titanium dioxide particles. Titanium dioxide had a dizzying array of functions in the tech world, from solar cell applications to biocompatible sensors, said Jay Narayan, a materials scientist at North Carolina State University.
In , Narayan and his colleagues reported a way to "tune" titanium dioxide, customizing it for particular applications.
This material comes in two crystalline structures, called "rutile" and "anatase," each of which has its own properties and functions. Usually, titanium dioxide likes to be in the anatase phase below F C , and transforms to the rutile phase at hotter temperatures. By growing titanium dioxide crystal-by-crystal and lining them up on a template made of titanium trioxide, Narayan and his colleagues were able to set the material's phase as either rutile or anatase at room temperature, they reported in June in the journal Applied Physics Letters.
In an even bigger leap, the researchers were able to integrate this titanium dioxide into computer chips. As the sensor is part of the chip, the device can respond more rapidly and efficiently than if the sensor were separate and had to be hard-wired to the computing portion of the device.
0コメント