Among them are major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Depression is more than feeling sad for a few days. You may also have physical symptoms, like sleep issues, lack of appetite, and body aches. SSRIs work by increasing the amount of serotonin available in the brain. SSRIs are the first choice of treatment for many types of depression.
Some SSRIs can cause elevated heart rate. They increase both dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain to improve symptoms. These drugs can increase blood pressure and heart rate. Your liver function must be monitored while on these medications as well.
MAOIs improve symptoms of depression by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels in the brain. MAOIs taken with certain foods that have the chemical tyramine can increase blood pressure to dangerous levels. Tyramine is found in many kinds of cheese, pickles, and some wines.
These are one of the oldest classes of antidepressants still available on the market. Doctors also use tricyclics off-label to treat other conditions. These medications can raise blood sugar. If you have diabetes, you may have to carefully monitor your sugar levels. These drugs treat symptoms associated with schizophrenia.
They may also be used for other conditions. Typical antipsychotics block dopamine in the brain. The first antipsychotic drug in this class, chlorpromazine, was introduced more than 60 years ago. This class of drugs causes movement-related disorders called extrapyramidal side effects. These can be serious and long lasting.
They include:. These are the next generation of medications used to treat schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotics have some serious side effects. These include an increased risk of:. Aripiprazole Abilify , clozapine Clozaril , and quetiapine Seroquel have a black box warning for specific safety concerns. Some researchers believe these medications calm specific areas of the brain that contribute to the mood changes of bipolar disorder and related conditions.
The kidneys remove lithium from the body, so kidney function and levels of lithium must be regularly checked. If you have poor kidney function, your doctor may need to adjust your dose. Stimulants increase dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.
The body can develop dependence if used long term. Stimulants can increase heart rate and blood pressure. They may not be the best option if you have heart or blood pressure problems. The FDA requires boxed warnings for certain medications or classes of medications. For example, nearly 21 percent of white adults reported taking a psychiatric drug, compared with less than 9 percent of Hispanic adults, according to the report. Older adults also reported a higher rate of psychiatric drug use.
One-quarter of adults ages 60 to 85 reported taking at least one of these drugs, compared with less than 10 percent of adults ages 18 to 39, the researchers found.
In addition, nearly twice as many women as men reported taking psychiatric drugs: 21 percent compared with 12 percent, according to the report. Two antidepressants topped the list for the most commonly used psychiatric drugs: sertraline hydrochloride, which goes by the brand name Zoloft, and citalopram hydrobromide, or Celexa. Alprazolam, or Xanax, was the most common drug from the sedative, hypnotic and anti-anxiety category, the study said.
This medication was the third most common psychiatric drug overall, following Zoloft and Celexa, according to the report. Other leading drugs included Ambien , which is a hypnotic sleeping pill, and the antidepressants Prozac and Desyrel, the report said.
The researchers noted that because the survey data included information on only a single year, it was difficult to determine how long people had been prescribed different psychiatric drugs. However, more than eight in 10 adults who were taking psychiatric drugs reported long-term use, the researchers wrote. For antidepressants, there is limited information available about how long an individual should stay on the drug, Moore and Mattison wrote.
For certain drugs in the sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic category, however, people can become dependent, the researchers noted. To improve the safety of psychiatric drugs, Moore and Mattison suggested increasing the emphasis on prescribing these medications at the lowest effective dose and continually re-assessing the need to keep individuals on the drugs. Medications should be selected based on available scientific research, and they should be taken at the lowest possible dose. Pregnant women should have a medical professional who will watch them closely throughout their pregnancy and after delivery.
Antidepressants, especially SSRIs, are considered to be safe during pregnancy. However, antidepressant medications do cross the placental barrier and may reach the fetus. Birth defects or other problems are possible, but they are very rare. The effects of antidepressants on childhood development remain under study. Studies have also found that fetuses exposed to SSRIs during the third trimester may be born with "withdrawal" symptoms such as breathing problems, jitteriness, irritability, trouble feeding, or hypoglycemia low blood sugar.
Most studies have found that these symptoms in babies are generally mild and short-lived, and no deaths have been reported. Risks from the use of antidepressants need to be balanced with the risks of stopping medication; if a mother is too depressed to care for herself and her child, both may be at risk for problems. In , the FDA issued a warning against the use of certain antidepressants in the late third trimester. The warning said that doctors may want to gradually taper pregnant women off antidepressants in the third trimester so that the baby is not affected.
After a woman delivers, she should consult with her doctor to decide whether to return to a full dose during the period when she is most vulnerable to postpartum depression. After the baby is born, women and their doctors should watch for postpartum depression, especially if a mother stopped taking her medication during pregnancy. In addition, women who nurse while taking psychiatric medications should know that a small amount of the medication passes into the breast milk.
However, the medication may or may not affect the baby depending s on the medication and when it is taken. Women taking psychiatric medications and who intend to breastfeed should discuss the potential risks and benefits with their doctors. FDA is also responsible for advancing public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines more effective, safer, and more affordable and by helping the public get accurate science-based information they need to use medicines and foods to maintain and improve their health.
You can also use the contact information provided below:. FDAs MedWatch program offers several ways to help you stay informed about the medical products are prescribed, administered, or dispensed every day. Get safety alerts delivered to your inbox. To subscribe, join the MedWatch email list. Learn more about the MedWatch E-list. Unless otherwise specified, NIMH information and publications are in the public domain and available for use free of charge.
Citation of the NIMH is appreciated. Statistics NIMH statistics pages include statistics on the prevalence, treatment, and costs of mental illness for the population of the United States. Help for Mental Illnesses If you or someone you know has a mental illness, there are ways to get help. Clinical Trials If you or a friend or family member are thinking about taking part in clinical research, this page contains basic information about clinical trials.
Stakeholder Engagement Find out how NIMH engages a range of stakeholder organizations as part of its efforts to ensure the greatest public health impact of the research we support. Education and Awareness Use these free mental health education and outreach materials in your community and on social media to spread the word about topics like eating disorders, autism awareness, and suicide prevention.
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Gordon, M. Advisory Boards and Groups Read about the boards and groups that advise and provide guidance to the Institute. Share Page. Mental Health Medications. Overview Medications can play a role in treating several mental disorders and conditions. Understanding Your Medications If you are prescribed a medication, be sure that you: Tell the doctor about all medications and vitamin supplements you are already taking. Remind your doctor about any allergies and any problems you have had with medicines.
Understand how to take the medicine before you start using it and take your medicine as instructed. Don't take medicines prescribed for another person or give yours to someone else. Call your doctor right away if you have any problems with your medicine or if you are worried that it might be doing more harm than good. Your doctor may be able to adjust the dose or change your prescription to a different one that may work better for you.
You or your doctor may send a report. What are antidepressants? How do people respond to antidepressants? People don't get addicted or "hooked" on these medications, but stopping them abruptly may also cause withdrawal symptoms What are the possible side effects of antidepressants?
The most common side effects listed by the FDA include: Nausea and vomiting Weight gain Diarrhea Sleepiness Sexual problems Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms, especially if they are new, worsening, or worry you U. Food and Drug Administration, : Thoughts about suicide or dying Attempts to commit suicide New or worsening depression New or worsening anxiety Feeling very agitated or restless Panic attacks Trouble sleeping insomnia New or worsening irritability Acting aggressively, being angry, or violent Acting on dangerous impulses An extreme increase in activity and talking mania Other unusual changes in behavior or mood Combining the newer SSRI or SNRI antidepressants with one of the commonly-used "triptan" medications used to treat migraine headaches could cause a life-threatening illness called "serotonin syndrome.
For more information, please see the FDA Medication Guide on Antidepressant Medicines Antidepressants may cause other side effects that were not included in this list.
What are anti-anxiety medications? Benzodiazepines used to treat anxiety disorders include: Clonazepam Alprazolam Lorazepam Short half-life or short-acting benzodiazepines such as Lorazepam and beta-blockers are used to treat the short-term symptoms of anxiety.
Beta-blockers help manage physical symptoms of anxiety, such as trembling, rapid heartbeat, and sweating that people with phobias an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation, such as public speaking experience in difficult situations. How do people respond to anti-anxiety medications?
What are the possible side effects of anti-anxiety medications? Possible side effects from buspirone include: Dizziness Headaches Nausea Nervousness Lightheadedness Excitement Trouble sleeping Anti-anxiety medications may cause other side effects that are not included in the lists above. What are Stimulants? How do people respond to stimulants? What are the possible side effects of stimulants? What are antipsychotics? Some of the common typical antipsychotics include: Chlorpromazine Haloperidol Perphenazine Fluphenazine Newer or second generation medications are also called "atypical" antipsychotics.
Some of the common atypical antipsychotics include: Risperidone Olanzapine Quetiapine Ziprasidone Aripiprazole Paliperidone Lurasidone According to a research review by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , typical and atypical antipsychotics both work to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and the manic phase of bipolar disorder. How do people respond to antipsychotics? What are the possible side effects of antipsychotics? The FDA lists the following side effects of antipsychotic medicines: Drowsiness Dizziness Restlessness Weight gain the risk is higher with some atypical antipsychotic medicines Dry mouth Constipation Nausea Vomiting Blurred vision Low blood pressure Uncontrollable movements, such as tics and tremors the risk is higher with typical antipsychotic medicines Seizures A low number of white blood cells, which fight infections A person taking an atypical antipsychotic medication should have his or her weight, glucose levels, and lipid levels monitored regularly by a doctor.
Typical antipsychotic medications can also cause additional side effects related to physical movement, such as: Rigidity Persistent muscle spasms Tremors Restlessness Long-term use of typical antipsychotic medications may lead to a condition called tardive dyskinesia TD. What are mood stabilizers? Mood stabilizers work by decreasing abnormal activity in the brain and are also sometimes used to treat: Depression usually along with an antidepressant Schizoaffective Disorder Disorders of impulse control Certain mental illnesses in children Anticonvulsant medications are also used as mood stabilizers.
Other anticonvulsants used as mood stabilizers include: Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine What are the possible side effects of mood stabilizers? These side effects include: Itching, rash Excessive thirst Frequent urination Tremor shakiness of the hands Nausea and vomiting Slurred speech Fast, slow, irregular, or pounding heartbeat Blackouts Changes in vision Seizures Hallucinations seeing things or hearing voices that do not exist Loss of coordination Swelling of the eyes, face, lips, tongue, throat, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs.
Some possible side effects linked anticonvulsants such as valproic acid include: Drowsiness Dizziness Headache Diarrhea Constipation Changes in appetite Weight changes Back pain Agitation Mood swings Abnormal thinking Uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body Loss of coordination Uncontrollable movements of the eyes Blurred or double vision Ringing in the ears Hair loss These medications may also: Cause damage to the liver or pancreas, so people taking it should see their doctors regularly Increase testosterone a male hormone levels in teenage girls and lead to a condition called polycystic ovarian syndrome a disease that can affect fertility and make the menstrual cycle become irregular Medications for common adult health problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression may interact badly with anticonvulsants.
All types of people take psychiatric medications, but some groups have special needs, including: Children and adolescents Older adults Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant Children and Adolescents Many medications used to treat children and adolescents with mental illness are safe and effective.
Remember: It is important to watch children and adolescents who take these medications on an "off-label: basis. Children may have different reactions and side effects than adults. Some medications have current FDA warnings about potentially dangerous side effects for younger patients. Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant The research on the use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy is limited.
Most women should avoid certain medications during pregnancy. For example: Mood stabilizers are known to cause birth defects. Benzodiazepines and lithium have been shown to cause "floppy baby syndrome," in which a baby is drowsy and limp, and cannot breathe or feed well. Benzodiazepines may cause birth defects or other infant problems, especially if taken during the first trimester. According to research, taking antipsychotic medications during pregnancy can lead to birth defects, especially if they are taken during the first trimester and in combination with other drugs, but the risks vary widely and depend on the type of antipsychotic taken.
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