As the data presented in Figures 5 a and 5 b , SPE showed a significant reduction on the phosphorylation of p However, SPE could reverse this to reduce the development of inflammatory process.
Culture supernatant was collected and NO production was measured using Griess reagent. Previous studies have indicated that in vitro ABTS radical scavenging activity can potentially be used as marker for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids [ 33 ]. The Vc equivalent antioxidant capacity of SPE was calculated as 0.
SPE showed strong antioxidative potential in vitro chemical and cell models. HO-1 has been reported as a stress-inducible protein induced by many stimuli such as oxidative stress and UV light [ 34 , 35 ], and upregulation of the expression of HO-1 has been proved as a useful approach to improve oxidative injury and macrophage activation [ 35 — 38 ]. The anti-inflammation potential of SPE was further investigated using an in vivo mouse paw edema model. These in vivo results were also in accordance with the result from cell culture model.
SPE inhibited the development of the paw edema induced by carrageenan injection. Influence of SPE on the production of inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress parameters in paw tissue.
In recent years, the functional foods have received increasing attention worldwide. It can not only supply the nutrients but also provide many phytochemicals which play as a functional factor for human health, especially for these people with chronic disease or in the state of subhealth, such as chronic low-grade inflammation; these functional foods may be the best choice to improve their healthy rather than treatment with drugs [ 39 , 40 ].
Previous studies have proved that shepherd's purse Capsella bursa-pastoris exerts multihealthy benefits, such as antimicrobial [ 41 ], anti-inflammatory [ 13 ], cardiovascular, reproductive, anticancer [ 16 , 42 ], hepatoprotective, sedative, and other pharmacological effects [ 43 ]. Macrophages play key roles in the immune system; the activation of macrophages induced the secretion of many inflammatory mediators, and also coupled with a high degree of oxidative stress [ 44 ].
Inflammation is regulated by many proinflammatory mediators and cell signal pathways [ 47 ]. Therefore, these pathways are potential targets for pharmacological intervention in the treatment of inflammation [ 49 , 50 ]. Furthermore, there were very close connections between these two signal pathways.
It has been proved that there was a connection between chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, and free radical-induced damage also could induce many chronic health problems [ 55 — 57 ]. In the inflammatory process, ROS have been proved to participate in the LPS-stimulated inflammation process by activating specific signaling pathways, resulting in the production of many specific cytokines [ 35 , 57 — 60 ]. In addition, the upregulation of HO-1 was recognized as a pivotal response to different kinds of stress, it could exert its anti-inflammatory potential through inhibiting the excessive production of specific cytokines, and also through its regulation on macrophage switching to an M2-phenotype [ 61 ].
These data proved the strong antioxidant activity also played an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect of SPE.
Carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model is usually applied to assess the different phases of inflammation reaction and evaluate the anti-inflammatory agents; it can induce acute inflammation, release of inflammatory mediators, and production of free radicals [ 62 — 64 ].
Therefore, this animal model was also used in this study. The results proved that SPE could inhibit the development of the carrageenan-induced edema, which was consisted with the in vitro findings.
Meanwhile, the induction of inflammation by carrageenan was compared by generation of ROS and increased oxidative stress [ 64 ]. The animal study indicated that there was a significant increase of MDA content along with a distinct decrease of SOD activity with the injection of carrageenan in the model group.
These results indicated that SPE also showed strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential in vivo. In this study, about 24 chemical compounds were identified from the extracts of Capsella bursa-pastoris.
As the HPLC-MS results, SPE contain a high amount of flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferolO-rhamnopyranoside, quercetinO-glucopyranoside, quercetinC-glucopyranoside, and kaempferolO-rutinoside; these results were also consistent with some previous findings [ 43 , 65 , 66 ]. Many studies had investigated the health benefits of these components, for example, antioxidative, ant-obesity, and anticancer activities [ 64 , 67 , 68 ].
Therefore, the flavonoid constituents presented in SPE could play key roles for its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. However, since the extract contained many compounds, further works are still needed to be undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of single compounds to further clear the anti-inflammatory potential of SPE.
In conclusion, in this study, the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory potential of shepherd's purse, and its underlying mechanisms were first systematically evaluated. Our findings indicated that Capsella bursa-pastoris L. The underlying mechanism study proved that the anti-inflammatory potential of Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Taken together, besides the good nutritional value and delicious taste already described in the previous studies, Capsella bursa-pastoris L.
Medik also showed special health benefits, suggesting that it may be interesting not only for human health but also as food additive. Jinming Peng and Tianyong Hu are co-first authors who contributed equally to this work. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Oxid Med Cell Longev. Published online Jan Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Corresponding author. Kaikai Li: moc. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Associated Data Data Availability Statement The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Abstract Shepherd's purse Capsella bursa-pastoris L. Introduction Inflammation which existed in obesity, elder bodies, is accompany with many diverse chronic diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, vascular disease, chronic renal failure, several cancers, endocrine [ 1 — 3 ]. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Material and Methods 2. Western Blot Analysis The treatment method was the same as described above. Results 3.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Antioxidative Activities of SPE Previous studies have indicated that in vitro ABTS radical scavenging activity can potentially be used as marker for evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids [ 33 ].
Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Discussion In recent years, the functional foods have received increasing attention worldwide.
Conclusion In conclusion, in this study, the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory potential of shepherd's purse, and its underlying mechanisms were first systematically evaluated. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest The authors have declared no conflict of interest. Authors' Contributions Jinming Peng and Tianyong Hu are co-first authors who contributed equally to this work.
References 1. Adler U. Low-grade inflammation in chronic diseases: an integrative pathophysiology anticipated by homeopathy? Medical Hypotheses. Lee J. Castro A. Low-grade inflammation and its relation to obesity and chronic degenerative diseases.
Cevenini E. Age-related inflammation: the contribution of different organs, tissues and systems. How to face it for therapeutic approaches. Current Pharmaceutical Design. Anti-inflammatory and side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacological Reports. Manson S. The cumulative burden of oral corticosteroid side effects and the economic implications of steroid use.
Respiratory Medicine. However, specifics were not given on how many times they were able to replicate this effect. This study suggests that these two herbs in a mouthwash could prevent common problems such as cavities and oral infections.
This study also supports our traditional view of licorice as a synergist in herbal formula. As a tincture: the tincture must be made with fresh herb, as dried loses much of its medicinal properties. The entire plant is tinctured, including the root. For hemorrhage, take half to three-quarters teaspoon of the tincture every minutes. For this purpose, it is often combined with yarrow, mistletoe, or cayenne.
As a compress for engorged breasts: steam 2 handfuls of the fresh herb in a sieve and place between cloth. Maria Treben. As a sitz bath for hemorrhoids: brew a strong tea and add it to a shallow, lukewarm bath. Drink this infusion days before period for excessive menstrual flow. Last spring, I went to my local herb store that is owned and run by an Amish woman and her daughters, for a remedy for a friend who was having unbearably heavy periods.
I also had a pretty incredible revelation about the signature of this plant while writing this monograph. It occurred to me that the shape of the seed pod is a signature for the uterus- especially in my case because I have a bicornuate uterus a uterus with a septum down the middle that makes it look more like a heart than an upside-down pear. I had taken my boys to see the new calves on the farm in April and as we were standing by the barnyard, I looked down and the shape of the seed pods caught my eye.
I checked on it every day for the first week, shaking and smelling it. For months, I thought I was making a less-than effective tincture and wasted good alcohol and herb in the process. In doing research for this monograph, I discovered that other herbalists have picked up on this peculiar odor as well.
I think that sums it up nicely. Strain and allow to cool before drinking. The equivalent dose to 1 ml of the tincture will be between mls of the tea depending on the strength and freshness of the dried herb. It is very strong tasting but once it is seen to work the unpleasantness will likely seem insignificant. Dosage notes. It is not correct that 'more is better' with herbal medicine and in fact often it is the reverse that 'less is more! The first step is to feel them working, the second step is to get a sense of how often you need to use them and in what dose.
As soon as the treatment is obviously working you can stop it but, if necessary, you can take a dose every hours -- up to 6 doses in a day. If you don't feel anything happening by the 2nd or 3rd dose, then try taking the herbs at the higher end of the suggested dose range. They may be hard to take but they will not cause toxicity. Many women feel this treatment working almost straight away but because it is not exactly a pleasant process it is tempting to stop the treatment too soon.
Listen to your body to know what to do and how long to keep it up for. Each extra time you take a dose you increase the strength of the effect. Shepherd's Purse for nose bleeds. The best technique here is to use some Shepherd's Purse tea tsps in a half a cup of boiling water covered and steeped for minutes. Soak some cotton balls into the tea, squeeze out the excess liquid and insert into the nostrils to stop the blood vessels from continuing to haemorrhage.
Many women experience problems with significant bleeding after child-birth. Shepherd's Purse can be exceptionally effective at helping to stop the excess bleeding and re-tone the uterus, but it is a strong treatment! The best way to use the Shepherd's Purse in this case may be to make a tea by adding 1 litre of freshly boiled water to a good 4 tsps of the dried herb.
Cover and allow to steep for 15 minutes. Strain and allow to cool completely. Drinking the entire tea over the period of a day in divided doses should have fast effects.
The treatment can be repeated on the second day and likewise on the third. It is rare to still need it after 2 or 3 days. Constitutional note. Much of the information here about the traditional uses of Shepherd's purse is consistent with the model of thinking whereby one may treat problem A with plant B.
There is value in this approach, especially in how it helps us pass on useful knowledge to one another, but it falls short in one vital area; and that is that people are not all cut from the same cloth!
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